MOSCOW \u2013 During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and, in a milder way, the United States imposed external limits on the activities of states and societies, causing longstanding conflicts among smaller countries to be \u201cfrozen.\u201d Following the Soviet Union\u2019s collapse in the 1990\u2019s, those conflicts began to \u201cunfreeze.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With interethnic tensions already on the rise, Yugoslavia was the first country to dissolve into conflict. Soon after, war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, followed by fighting in Transdniestria and Chechnya. While some conflicts were addressed \u2013 the West finally intervened militarily in the former Yugoslavia; and Russia fought in Chechnya for almost a decade, and imposed peace in Transdniestria \u2013 others, such as that between Armenia and Azerbaijan, were simply frozen again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fortunately, not all potential conflicts erupted. The Soviet Union did not dissolve into violence, as most other empires have \u2013 an outcome for which no explanation short of divine intervention or sheer luck seems to suffice. Despite rising nationalist sentiments and mutual suspicions, Central and Eastern European countries also managed to avoid conflict, thanks to their rapid acceptance into NATO and the European Union.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n At that point, the world breathed a collective sigh of relief. But, in the early 2000\u2019s, globalization triggered the \u201csecond unfreezing\u201d by facilitating rapid economic growth in Asian countries that, for two centuries, had been constrained by Western dominance, Cold War rules and institutions, and rampant poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n With thriving economies came increased strategic clout, leading to the rise of regional geopolitics shaped by national interests and fears, rather than by external forces. The West\u2019s failures in Iraq and Afghanistan, followed by the global economic crisis (which exposed severe structural weaknesses in the US and the EU that their democratic governments have been unable to resolve), accelerated this process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As a result, Europe has practically abandoned its global geopolitical role, with virtually no evidence of its presence, aside from trade, remaining in East Asia. Although the US has retained considerable influence, the combination of structural economic problems, a divided elite, and two de facto military defeats has impeded its ability to exercise that power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Old alliances \u2013 such as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, the Central Eastern Treaty Organization, and the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty \u2013 have died or are dying. And forming new alliances has proved difficult, with India rejecting what the US, with uncharacteristic humility, has proposed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Meanwhile, Asia is being roiled by intensifying territorial disputes in the South and East China Seas, as countries revive old claims against each other. East and South Asia are embroiled in an arms race, mainly at sea. Everyone is afraid of China, which remains relatively peaceable, but no longer bothers to conceal its growing military capacity. With no pan-Asian security architecture expected to emerge in the near future, the West\u2019s departure from the region is generating a security vacuum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Furthermore, in the Greater Middle East, the fall of one secular dictatorship after another, coupled with the loosening of external control, has incited new \u2013 and rekindled old \u2013 suspicions, religious disagreements, and mistrust of outsiders in general and the West in particular. As a result, the region has entered a period of conflict, social degradation, rising nationalism, and growing religious fanaticism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Most threatening, however, is the possibility that the EU could collapse, triggering a third unfreezing. The EU, established to break the destructive cycle of European nationalism that had facilitated the rise of two totalitarian systems and caused two world wars, amounted to the creation of a prototype of a humane world order. After being its own \u2013 and thus the world\u2019s \u2013 worst enemy for centuries, Europe became a beacon of peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But, resting on the laurels of the EU\u2019s founders, successive European leaders largely failed to perceive the competitive challenges posed by globalization. They seemed to forget that the European project\u2019s underlying motivation was political, not economic, which led them to rush into enlargement and set unrealistic goals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Now, they must pay for their mistakes by overhauling the entire institutional framework of the EU and the eurozone.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n At the same time, Europeans must prepare for an even more profound transformation. In order to regain economic competitiveness, European countries will have to abandon many of their social-welfare policies and reform their political institutions. Most Europeans prefer to ignore the looming challenge of radical policy reform, owing to the decline in living standards that it implies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Global leaders must encourage Europe to tackle its problems decisively by offering advice, financial support, and constructive criticism. Russia must continue to press for an Alliance of Europe \u2013 a new framework for economic and diplomatic relations among the EU, Russia, and the rest of Greater Europe \u2013 which could offer a way out of Europe\u2019s systemic crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The first unfreezing had serious consequences. Now, global leaders must work to minimize the fallout of the second, and use all available means to prevent a third.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" MOSCOW \u2013 During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and, in a milder way, the United States imposed external limits on the activities of states and societies, causing longstanding conflicts among smaller countries to be \u201cfrozen.\u201d Following the Soviet Union\u2019s collapse in the 1990\u2019s, those conflicts began to \u201cunfreeze.\u201d With interethnic tensions already on the rise, Yugoslavia was the first country to dissolve into conflict.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[464],"tags":[472],"media_source":[],"class_list":["post-5466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","tag-project-syndicate"],"acf":{"source_attribution":" The Project Syndicate, March 4, 2013","source_name":"Project Syndicate","source_link":"http:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/the-causes-and-consequences-of-conflicts--unfreezing-by-sergei-karaganov"},"yoast_head":"\n\n